Review week 23: control engineering

This week you learned to drive devices smoothly instead of just switching them:

• P controller: output = KP · error. You choose the gain from the error at which the device should run at full power. A steady-state error remains.
• PI controller: the I term adds up the error per tick and removes the remainder. Anti-windup with clamp, NaN check before accumulating.
• D term: from the change of the reading, with smoothing against noise. Often hysteresis or PI is enough.
• Tuning: count sign changes, change one value after the other, keep the history as a ring buffer in the stack.
• Cascades: two air conditioners with small jumps, Setting always below the inlet temperature, stage 2 only when needed.
• Project: PI heater controller with pulse width for the wall heater.

You pass from 60 %. The explanations after handing in sum up every point once more.